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Church history --- Christianity and other religions --- Eglise --- Christianisme --- Judaism --- Histoire --- Relations --- Judaïsme --- Hengel, Martin --- Bible. --- Criticism, interpretation, etc. --- Bible --- Criticism, interpretation, etc --- 225 <082> --- Bijbel: Nieuw Testament--Feestbundels. Festschriften --- Festschrift - Libri Amicorum --- Judaïsme --- Evangelie (Book of the New Testament) --- Fukuinsho (Books of the New Testament) --- Gospels (Books of the New Testament) --- Gospels, Synoptic (Books of the New Testament) --- Synoptic Gospels (Books of the New Testament) --- Hengel, Martin. --- Church history - Primitive and early church, ca 30-600 - Congresses --- Hengel, Martin - Congresses

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Bible. --- Epistles (Books of the New Testament) --- Evangelie (Book of the New Testament) --- Fukuinsho (Books of the New Testament) --- Gospels (Books of the New Testament) --- Gospels, Synoptic (Books of the New Testament) --- Synoptic Gospels (Books of the New Testament) --- Criticism, interpretation, etc. --- 225 <082> --- 226 --- 227.1 --- 227.1 Brieven van Paulus--(algemeen) --- Brieven van Paulus--(algemeen) --- Bijbel: Nieuw Testament--Feestbundels. Festschriften --- Evangelies. Handelingen der apostelen:--algemeen --- Festschrift - Libri Amicorum

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Most historical Jesus and Gospel scholars have supposed three hypotheses of unidirectionality: geographically, the more Judaeo-Palestinian, the earlier; modally, the more oral, the earlier; and linguistically, the more Aramaized, the earlier. These are based on the chronological assumption of'the earlier, the more original'. These four long-held hypotheses have been applied as authenticity criteria. However, this book proposes that linguistic milieus of 1st-century Palestine and the Roman Near East were bilingual in Greek and vernacular languages and that the earliest church in Jerusalem was a bilingual Christian community. The study of bilingualism blurs the lines between each of the temporal dichotomies. The bilingual approach undermines unidirectional assumptions prevalent among Gospels and Acts scholarship with regard to the major issues of source criticism, textual criticism, form criticism, redaction criticism, literary criticism, the Synoptic Problem, the Historical Jesus, provenances of the Gospels and Acts, the development of Christological titles and the development of early Christianity. There is a need for New Testament studies to rethink the major issues from the perspective of the interdirectionality theory based on bilingualism.

Transmission of texts --- Bilingualism --- Language and languages --- Religious aspects --- Christianity --- Bible --- Criticism, Textual --- Transmission of texts. --- Bilingualism. --- 225*1 --- 225.014 --- 225.015 --- Christianity and language --- Languages in contact --- Multilingualism --- Literary transmission --- Manuscript transmission --- Textual transmission --- Editions --- Manuscripts --- Christianity. --- Leven van Jezus Christus in het Nieuwe Testament. Historische Jezus Christus --- Nieuw Testament: tekstgeschiedenis en tekstkritiek--(inleidingen; werkinstrumenten) --- Nieuw Testament: Formgeschichte; Traditionsgeschichte; Redaktionsgeschichte --- Bible. --- Evangelie (Book of the New Testament) --- Fukuinsho (Books of the New Testament) --- Gospels (Books of the New Testament) --- Gospels, Synoptic (Books of the New Testament) --- Synoptic Gospels (Books of the New Testament) --- Criticism, Textual. --- History. --- 225.014 Nieuw Testament: tekstgeschiedenis en tekstkritiek--(inleidingen; werkinstrumenten) --- 225*1 Leven van Jezus Christus in het Nieuwe Testament. Historische Jezus Christus --- Foreign languages --- Languages --- Anthropology --- Communication --- Ethnology --- Information theory --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Philology --- Linguistics --- Religious aspects&delete& --- Language and languages - Religious aspects - Christianity --- Gospel Tradition. --- Historical Jesus. --- Jerusalem Church. --- Jesus Tradition.

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Jesus Christ --- Person and offices --- Bible --- Criticism, interpretation, etc --- 225*1 --- Leven van Jezus Christus in het Nieuwe Testament. Historische Jezus Christus --- -Christ --- Cristo --- Jezus Chrystus --- Jesus Cristo --- Jesus, --- Jezus --- Christ, Jesus --- Yeh-su --- Masīḥ --- Khristos --- Gesù --- Christo --- Yeshua --- Chrystus --- Gesú Cristo --- Ježíš --- Isa, --- Nabi Isa --- Isa Al-Masih --- Al-Masih, Isa --- Masih, Isa Al --- -Jesus, --- Jesucristo --- Yesu --- Yeh-su Chi-tu --- Iēsous --- Iēsous Christos --- Iēsous, --- Kʻristos --- Hisus Kʻristos --- Christos --- Jesuo --- Yeshuʻa ben Yosef --- Yeshua ben Yoseph --- Iisus --- Iisus Khristos --- Jeschua ben Joseph --- Ieso Kriʻste --- Yesus --- Kristus --- ישו --- ישו הנוצרי --- ישו הנצרי --- ישוע --- ישוע בן יוסף --- المسيح --- مسيح --- يسوع المسيح --- 耶稣 --- 耶稣基督 --- 예수그리스도 --- Jíizis --- Yéshoua --- Iėsu̇s --- Khrist Iėsu̇s --- عيسىٰ --- -Person and offices --- 225*1 Leven van Jezus Christus in het Nieuwe Testament. Historische Jezus Christus --- Christ --- Person and offices. --- Bible. --- Evangelie (Book of the New Testament) --- Fukuinsho (Books of the New Testament) --- Gospels (Books of the New Testament) --- Gospels, Synoptic (Books of the New Testament) --- Synoptic Gospels (Books of the New Testament) --- Criticism, interpretation, etc. --- ‏عيسىٰ‏ --- Volk --- Theologie --- RELIGION / Biblical Criticism & Interpretation / New Testament. --- Christliche Theologie --- Völker --- Ethnische Gruppe --- Völker --- Jesus Christ - Person and offices

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Der Sammelband vereint Beiträge zu den Themenfeldern Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Politik und Theologie. E. Lohse beschäftigt sich in seinem Beitrag mit den Anfängen der urchristlichen Literatur; O. Kaiser untersucht den Briefwechsel zwischen Heinrich Ewald und Hermann Hupfeld. W. Künne berichtet über die Verbindung von Goethe zur oberitalienischen Stadt Bozen und W. Ludwig analysiert das türkische und persische Latein der Epistolae Turcicae. Im letzten Beitrag analysiert Karin Reich den Briefwechsel zwischen Gauß und Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen. This anthology brings together contributions from the fields of politics, theology, and the history of science. In his essay, E. Lohse explores the beginnings of early Christian literature. O. Kaiser examines correspondence between the biblical philologists Heinrich Ewald and Herman Hupfeld. W. Künne documents Goethe's attachment to the northern Italian city of Bolzano, and W. Ludwig analyzes the Turkish and Persian Latin of the Epistolae Turcicae. In the volume's final contribution, Karin Reich analyzes the exchange of letters between the mathematician Gauss and his friend and biographer, the geologist Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen.

Reusner, Nikolaus, --- Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, --- Ewald, Heinrich, --- Hupfeld, Hermann, --- Gauss, Carl Friedrich, --- Sartorius von Waltershausen, W. --- Bible. --- Sartorius von Waltershausen, W --- Bible --- Ewald, Heinrich, 1803-1875. --- Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 1777-1855. --- Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 1749-1832. --- Hupfeld, Hermann, 1796-1866. --- Reusner, Nikolaus, 1545-1602. Epistolae Turcicae. --- General --- Collections & Series - General --- Sartorius von Waltershausen, Wolfgang, --- Von Waltershausen, W. --- Waltershausen, W. --- Kao-ssu, Kʻo-lü-ko, --- Gauss, C. F. --- Gauss, Karl Friedrich, --- Gauss, Carolus Fridericus, --- Gauss, Carlo Federico, --- Ewald, Georg Heinrich August, --- Ėvalʹd, G., --- Von Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, --- Gete, Volʹfgang, --- Ko-tê, --- Gede, --- Gete, Jogann, --- Gette, --- Gʹote, Ĭokhan Volʹfgang, --- Jūtah, Yūhān Fūlfjānj, --- Goethe, J. W. --- Jītī, --- Gete, V. --- Koetʻe, --- Goetʻe, --- Getė, --- Goethe, --- Gkaite, --- Gitah, Y. Ṿ., --- Goethe, Jan Wolfgang, --- Gëte, Iogann Volʹfgang, --- Göte, --- Gyoete, --- Goethe, W. v. --- Fon-Geteh, Ṿ. --- Geteh, Yohan Ṿolfgang Fon-, --- Giteh, Yohan Ṿolfgang Fon-, --- Gete, Johan Volfgang, --- Hete, Ĭ. V. --- Kēōtʻē, Volfkank, --- Katē, --- Katē, Yōkān̲ Vulpkēṅk Vān̲, --- Гете, Иоганн Вольфганг, --- Qöte, Y. V. --- Qöte, Yohan Volfqanq, --- גטה --- גטה, יוהאן וולפגנג פון, --- גטה, י.ו --- גיתה --- גיתה, יוהאן וולפאנג פון --- גיתה, יוהאן וולפגנג פון, --- גיתה, יוהן וולפגאנג וון, --- גיתה, יוהן וולפגנג פון, --- גיתה, יוהן וולפגנג, --- געטהע --- געטהע, יאהאן וואלפגאנג --- געטהע, יאהאן וואלפגאנג פון, --- געטהע, יאהאן װאלפגאנג, --- געטהע, י. וו --- געטהע, י. וו. פאן --- געטהע, י. װ., --- געטהע, י.װ --- געטע, װ.פ --- גתה, וו --- גתה, יוהן וולפגאנג ון, --- גתה, יוהן וולפגנג --- י. וו. געטהע --- جوته --- گوته، يوهان ولفگانگ ون --- 歌德, --- Evangelie (Book of the New Testament) --- Fukuinsho (Books of the New Testament) --- Gospels (Books of the New Testament) --- Gospels, Synoptic (Books of the New Testament) --- Synoptic Gospels (Books of the New Testament) --- von Goethe, Johann Wolfgang --- Hete, Johann Vol'fhanh --- Gete, Iogann Vol'fgang --- Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von --- ゲーテ --- Goethe, Johann Wolfgang --- Goethe --- Von Goethe, Johann Wolfgang --- Gete, Volʹfgang --- Ko-tê --- Gede --- Gete, Jogann --- Gette --- Gʹote, Ĭokhan Volʹfgang --- Jūtah, Yūhān Fūlfjānj --- Jītī --- Koetʻe --- Goetʻe --- Gkaite --- Gitah, Y. Ṿ. --- Goethe, Jan Wolfgan, --- Gëte, Iogann Volʹfgang --- Göte --- Gyoete --- Geteh, Yohan Ṿolfgang Fon --- -Giteh, Yohan Ṿolfgang Fon --- -Gete, Johan Volfgang --- Kēōtʻē, Volfkank --- Katē --- Katē, Yōkān̲ Vulpkēṅk Vān̲ --- Гете, Иоганн Вольфганг --- Qöte, Yohan Volfqanq --- Early Christianity. --- Goethe. --- History of Science. --- Theologie. --- Theology. --- Urchristentum. --- Wissenschaftsgeschichte. --- HISTORY / General. --- ゲエテ --- Reusner, Nikolaus, - 1545-1602 - Epistolae Turcicae --- Ewald, Heinrich, - 1803-1875 --- Hupfeld, Hermann, - 1796-1866 --- Gauss, Carl Friedrich, - 1777-1855 --- Sartorius von Waltershausen, W - (Wolfgang), - 1809-1876 --- Théologie --- Sciences --- Histoire